Bsc Nursing 2nd year previous year Sociology -2019 question paper with answers.
BSC (N) 2nd Year
Sociology - 2019.
Check Sociology Question paper-(2019)
ANSWER -1 (a)
Definitions of Society
According to Maclver and Page: "Society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of many groupings and divisions of controls of human behaviour and liberties. This everchanging, complex system, we call society."
According to Giddings: "Society of formal relations in which individuals are associating together or bounded together."
Definitions of Sociology
"Sociology is a science of society" -G.A. Lundberg (1939)
"Sociology is the science which attempts the interpretive understanding of social action." - Max Webber (1949)
"Sociology is about social relationship, the network of relationships, the network of society, we call society." - Maclver Page (1949).
ANSWER - 1 (b)
Influence of Culture on Health:
It is a well known fact that our health is influenced by our culture. Our cultural patterns or norms play an important role to make our health strong or weak. In other words, we can say that there are some positive effects of culture on our health, but in spite of positive effects here are some negative effects also which make our health weak.
Positive Effects of Culture on our Health:
(1) Getting-up early in the morning and go for walk to refresh our mind and body.
(2) Drinking Tulsi water everyday gives us good health and glow to our face.
(3) By keeping jasmine flower over the breast of the postnatal woman suppresses the secretion of milk.
(4) Consumption of garlic produces more milk in lactating mother.
(5) Circumcision of male child is a cultural trait, commonly observed in muslim families is a way to prevent urinary trait infection.
(6) A chicken pox affected child is bathed with neem leaves and taken to the place of worship and his family keeps the neem leaves at the entrance to prevent the spreading of disease to the neighbourhood.
(7.) Some societies apply honey for burn injury since it induces better healing process.
(8.) Culture of meditation increases concentration and attention and it re- duces stress, conflict and tensions.
(9.) Religious culture is also helpful to reduce stress and conflict since an Individual appeals to God to get moral support and protection.
(10.) Pregnant women eat mud, ash, chalk powder, lime powder as it enhances the normal development of the foetus (Pica).
(11.) Beet root consumption enhances blood production in the body.
(12.) Periodic fasting helps in the cleaning of G.I.T. (Gastro-intestinal Tracts).
(13.) Eating raw vegetables like cucumber, carrot in the night reduce obesity.
Negative Effects of Culture on our Health:
(1.) South Indians consume brinjal, egg, fish in large amount which produces allergies.
(2.) Rich people like to have oftenly saturated food which is responsible for obesity.
(3.) Excess consumption of mangoes causes heat boils on the face and the body.
(4.) In some societies, Brahamin does not consume garlic and onion which are indispensable to clean our blood.
(5.) Excess periodic fasting is responsible for poor immune system and weakness in our body.
(6.) Male child is preferred by the Hindu parents as they believe that the son will perform their last (funeral) rituals. This belief is also responsible for women's poor health.
(7.) The culture of untouchability was a social stigma in our society which was responsible for discrimination and poor health.
(8.) Some religious families do not apply contraceptive methods stating that children are God's gift. This religious belief is also responsible for women's poor health since every pregnancy makes a woman weak.
(9.) In some societies wearing shoes inside the house is prohibited which is responsible for cold and illness in winter season.
Answer 1(c)
Rural Community: The distinction between rural and urban communities may be made on the basis of occupation, size of population, density of population, social mobility, etc. So, there may be different basis of distinction of community into rural and urban.
In India, a community containing more that 5,000 population is called urban and less than 5,000 population is called rural.
In U.S.A., more than 2,500 population, in Japan more than 30,000 population is called urban community and less than that population is 'rural' community.
People who are living in a limited physical area, who have common interests and common ways in dealing and satisfying with them.
Psychological bonds play an important role in the rural community. Physical locality contributes to the integration and stability of the rural community.
Such proximity had developed a sociability and encouraged solidarity and mutuality.
Definitions of Rural Community:
According to J. H. Kolb and Burner, "A rural community may be defined as a group of people permanently residing in a definite geographical area who having developed a certain community consciousness and cultural, social and economic relations feel that they are separate from other communities".
Duright Sanderson, "People who are staying together and living on dispersed formsteads and in a village which forms the centre of their common activities".
Bogards Says, "Human society has been cradled in the rural group. The rural society is synonymously called as Agrarian Society".
Changes in Indian Rural Life:
Change is the law of nature, It is the need of life. This village life or Indian rural life is less susceptible to change than the urban community or urban life but it does not imply that rural life undergoes no change. It is also undergoing change though the speed of change is slow compared to urban life.
We can discuss some recent changes in Indian rural life here:
(1.) The evil of caste-system in Indian rural life is disappearing gradually which had a prominent place for many hundreds years.
(2.) The Jajmani system :- a feature of Indian village has weakened due to the governmental efforts to raise the status of lower castes and urbanization.
Now, the people of villages are free to adopt any occupation according their interests.
(3.) The joint family system is no longer the peculiar feature of Indian rural life, Nuclear families are seen in a large number in villages.
(4.) Marriage system has also been changed in Indian villages. Now, the boys and girls are consulted by the parents in the matter of mate selection.
(5.) The standard of living is also going higher gradually of Indian rural Now, the rural diets no more consists of coarse food. It now includes vegetables, milk, bread, tea and vegetable ghee.
(6.) Now, Indian rural life is not agriculture based only. The educated rurals seek jobs in the cities and want to settle there only.
(7.) The facility of water, electricity, drainage, etc. can be seen in Indian rural life now.
OR
Answer no. - 1(a)
Answer no. -1 (b)
Answer -2 (a)
Demographic Characteristics:
The demography of India's population is like the density of population, age composition, sex composition, literacy rate life expectancy and rural-urban ratio, etc.
Six important demographic features of Indian economy are:
(1.) Density of population:
The density of population calculated as a ratio of the number of persons per square kilometer of land area.
Normally the density of population is very high in the urban and industrial areas and it is quite low in the rural areas, according 2001 census the density of population in India is 324. The density of Population was as low as 77 persons per square kilo-meters in 1901.
(2.) Sex composition:
In India there is trend in favour of masculine population.
The sex distribution of population of India show two things
(a) a higher ratio males in the population.
(b) a rising tendency towards masculinity.
The proportion of females per 100 males has fallen from 962 in 1901 to 933 in 2001. In Kerala females are 1040 in 1991 per 1000 males.
(3.) Age composition:
The analysis of age composition of population can determine the proportion of labor force in the total population of the country. The population in India is divided into three groups on the basis of age structure such as 0-14, 15-59 and 60 and above.
The higher child population in India has resulted from higher birth rate and fall in the infant mortality rate. Populations on 0-14 age groups are dependent.
The proportion on working population in the age group of 55-60 has been declining from 60.2 percent in 1921 to 57.1 percent in 1951 and then 54.1 percent in 1981.
Again, the proportion of age and old population in the age group to 60 and above has also been increasing from 1.2 percent in 1921 to 5.5 percent in 1951 and then to 6 A percent in 1981.
Thus, the proportion of child, and the old people are increasing in number.
(4.) Rural - Urban Composition:
The rural urban composition of India population reflects on the pattern of living of the country's population.
In india majority of the population lives in rural areas. However, there growing trend for gradual shift of population from rural to urban areas.
The urban population increased by 41 percent during 1945. The percent age of urban population in total population has gone up from 17 perce in 1951 to 25.72 percent in 1991 and 27.8 percent in 2001 2011 is hoped:
(5.) Life Expectancy:
The average life expectancy of birth in lndia has been gradually increasing the average life experience was 41.2 years in 1951-61 and increase to 46.4 years in 1961-71,
The increases in the life expectancy have become possible due fall in the infant mortality.
(6.) Literacy rates in India :
In India the level of literacy which was only 18.3℅ in 1951 and in the census 2001 the literacy rate is 65.38 for male and 54.16 for women.
Answer 2(b)
Role of Nurse as a Social Change Agent:
Individuals are the main keys to bring the change in society. They use their knowledge about the facts and try to follow the time.
They bring desirable change in society. Thus, a nurse also brings change or does as a social agent in bringing social change in society.
How a nurse helps in bringing social change in society discussed below:
(1.) A nurse is helpful to change the mentality of an individual about the old customs and rituals by effective communication skills, critical evaluation technique and accurate observation skills.
A patient or individual believes her as god since she cares him thoroughly.
(2.) A nurse has the quality of emotional soundness, maturity in dealing with. situations and accepting the challenges as required.
These all qualities are helpful to bring the change in society.
(3.) A nurse develops work habits to increase efficiency and effectivity which results in development and modernization.
(4.) A nurse studies the social problems related to behaviour and suggests preventive remedial approach to tackle the problematic situations in community in efficient manner.
This brings the change in community.
(5.) A nurse provides the educational opportunity to the members of community by health talk or seminars in the provision of psychological support in worthy manner by understanding their ideas, emotions in a perspective manner.
(6.) A nurse helps in clinical practice and clinical teaching and in new discoveries and inventions that will produce an extra dimensions to improve the client care.
(7.) A nurse provides the conductive environment to understand the rights of individual and to meet the welfare of community.
(8.) A nurse formulates the significant ruled rules, which bearing effect upon the patients response or resistance for treatment.
Nurse acts as an effective liaison between the client and the health team members.
(9.) A nurse develops sensitivity that gives the meaning of compassion and understanding in order to study the stress in social relationship.
Answer 3 (a)
Social problems in india :
Social problems are the conditions which are regarded as threat by the society.
These social problems need to be alleviated or eliminated. Social problems cause dissatisfaction, suffering and misery.
All the social problems cause maladjustment in the society. Social problem emerge with the emerging needs.
The social problem which is considered a problem today, may not be regarded to tomorrow.
According to Green, "A social problem is a set of conditions which are defined as morally wrong by majority or substantial minority within a society".
It has been seen that social problems have three major criteria as given below:
(1.) There is need to do something to change the situation which is considered as a problem.
(2.) There is need to change the social order by which problem can be solved.
(3.) The people think that it can be reformed or eliminated which means a social problem is undesirable but is not inevitable.
Types of Social Problems in India:
(1.) Economic social problems:
(a) Poverty
(b) Unemployment
(c)Dependency
(d) . Illiteracy
(e) Population explosion
(2.) Cultural social problems:
(a) Child Marriage
(b) Prostitution
(C) Exploitation
(d) Problems of aged
(e) Homelessness
(f) Widow
(g) Divorce
(h) Crime
(i) Juvenile Delinquency
(3) Biological social problems:
(a) Acute or chronic diseases
(b) Disabilities
(4) Psychological social problems:
(a) Substance/Drug Addiction
(b) Neurosis, Psychosis
(C) Suicide
(d) Alcoholism
(e) Epilepsy
ANSWER 3(B)
Substance Abuse: Substances have deleterious effects over the individual. Substance abuse includes alcoholism and drug abuse.
People will opt substance abuse for varied reasons like tensions release, solution of problems or fulfill their needs like to overcome anxiety, pressure or fatigue, experimental use, recreational use or circumstantial phase.
No single factor can be identified as a course for drug addiction. It is commonly seen in the age group of 16-30 years. Unmarried people and individuals belonging to low socioeconomic status.
Clinical Manifestations: Euphoria, deterioration in moral and ethical sense, moodiness, dull, physiological depression, irritability, purposefully avoids interaction and communication with family members, withdrawl from family activities, lethargy, lack of motivation, curiosity, stealing money and valuable items, confused thoughts.
Physical Symptoms:
(1) Redness of eyes, glazed dull eyes, pin point pupils, puffiness under the eyes.
(2) Slurring of speech, Ataxic gait, Anorexia, weight loss presence or pricks and injection marks all over the body, sleep disturbances.
Laboratory Tests:
(1) Raised gamma glutamyl transpeptidase.
(2) Raised mean corpuscular volume.
(3) Urine test for drug concentration.
Management:
(1) Hospitalization
(2) Detoxification
(3) Create realistic goals with the client, incorporate positive attitude
(4) Supplementation of vitamins and minerals.
(5) Supportive psychotherapy
(6) Counseling.
(7) Family therapy.
(8) Rehabilitation facilitated through day-care centres.
Rehabilitation:
(1) To enable the drug dependents to leave the drug sub-culture.
(2) To develop new social contracts.
(3) Provide social support when the person makes the transition to norma work and living.
(4) Inculcate responsibility in protecting themselves.
ANSWER - 4
(a) Political Group:
Each society must have a political system in order to maintain recognized procedures for allocating valued resources.
According to political scientist Harold Lasswells politics in who gets what, when and how. Thus, like religion and the family, a political group is a cultural universal, it is a social institution found in every society.
Modern Political Groups:
Primitive society had a simple political group. It was more a community oriented system. It is only in the recent years, a scientific study of different types of political systems has been taken up.
The political activities of may have undergone a drastic change in recent years.
This is mainly because the fact that society has become more complex and has undergone radical change.
Democracy:
According to Abraham Lincoln, "Democracy is a government of the people, by the people and for the people".
It can be defined as a form of government in which adult citizen has a voice and his voice is equal in weight to that of any other citizen of state.
Democracy is a form of government in which people play an active and effective role in determination of the policies of the government and they have control over the government.
Aspects of democracy are: The various aspects of democracy are:
(1) Political aspect:
In democracy, sovereignty belongs to the people. Democracy is not merely form of government it is rather a civilized method of taking decision, which concerns the entire population of a country.
In democracy fever is reconciled with the need for law and its enforcement. In democracy, all adult citizens have the opportunity of participating through representatives in discussions and decisions as how they will be ruled so that they can achieve an all round progress.
Every citizen has a right to vote, right to be elected to the highest office of the state and eligible for any state service if he possesses the required job qualifications. A sweeper can be the president of the state.
(2) Social aspect:
All the citizens in a democracy have equal social status in the eyes of the law. Distinctions are never allowed to be made on the grounds of caste, class, race, religion, sex or color.
Every citizen is free to mix and mingle with others form groups and has the same status as others. The poorest in the country has the same rights as richest.
(3) Economic aspect:
All men must have to basic necessaries of life in the required quantity. The primary need of everyone must be met.
One should not be allowed to eat cake, if on account of that right of his others are deprived of their bread. Every citizen must be guaranteed an eco- nomic minimum.
This minimum means:
(a)The right to work.
(b)The right to fair wages.
(c)The old age pension.
(d)Security against unemployment.
(e) Provident fund and work men's compensation fund.
(f) Congenial and safe conditions of work.
Answer no. - 4(b)
Influence of family and marriage on Health and Health Practices:
The relationship between marriage and health is complex. Marital status can both affects health outcomes and can be affected by them.
Healthier people may have better chance of marrying and staying married because they may be viewed or more desirable marriage partner based on their physical attractiveness.Married people are generally healthier than unmarried people , as measured by numerous health outcomes.
A focus on the most rigorous recent evidence reveals that marriage has positive effects most tain health related outcomes.
The studies find that marriage improves certain mental health outcomes reduce the use of some high cost health services (such as nursing home care) and increases the likelihood of having health insurance coverage.
In addition an emerging literature suggests that growing up with married parents is associated with better health as adult
Effects of marriage on health and health practices can be highlighted from five broad areas.
1. Effects on health behaviours:
Recent research suggests that marriage has significant effects on health behaviours of both men and women, but the pattern is mixed-marriage is associated with healthier behaviours in some cases and less healthy behaviours in others.
Studies indicate that marriage reduces heavy drinking and overall alcohol consumption. In contrast to studies of alcohol and drug use, suggest that marriage may have negative on health behaviour and may encourages a more sedentary life style.
2. Health care access; use and costs:
Marriage may influence physical health through its effects on health care access and use.
The studies of the link between marriage and health insurance suggest that-by offering access to the coverage through a spouses policy-marriage increases the likelihood of having insurance.
The effects of marriage shortening hospital stays may also lead to reduction in health care costs.
For example many married people rely on their spouses for informal care and thus require fewer long hospital stays and nursing home admissions, resulting lower health care costs.
The studies find that wives are especially of marriage on health care costs may the larger for men.
3. Effects on mental health:
Marriage may effect many aspects of mental health. The recent research suggest that marriage reduce depressive symptoms for men and women.
These studies find that getting married decreases depressive symptoms,while getting divorced increases them.
Research has also documented that increases in depressive symptoms after divorced are long lasting and the prevalance of these symptoms remain elevated years after the martial breakup.
Thus,marriage gives mental satisfaction to the individual which is helpful to develop his/her mental health.
4. Effects on physical health and longevity:
Many studies have documented that people who marry live longer and enjoy better physical health than those who do not marry.
Researchers find a positive effect of marriage on physical health of men and women, as measured by the prevalence of specific health conditions and illness.
Many studies have pointed to a strong relationship between marriage and longevity.
The strongest evidence of a positive effect of marriage on longevity comes more from the robustness of this relationship across many studies than from the particular Strengths of any single study.
5. Intergenerational health effects:
An emerging literature on the possible intergenerational health effects of marriage suggests that marriage also has potential long-term consequences for the physical health of a couple's children.
The studies show that growing up with married parents is associated with better physical health in adulthood and in- creased longevity on average, children raised in two-parent families obtain more education and exhibit healthier adult behaviours than children from other types of families.
Answer no. - 5
short notes
(A) Women empowerment:
Women empowerment, referring to the empowerment of women in our society,has become a significant topic of discussion in regards to development and economics.
It can also point to approaches regarding other marginal genders in a particular political or social context.
- Barriers to the empowerment of women:
Many of the barriers to women's empowerment and equity are ingrained in cultural norms.
Many women feel these pressures, while others have become accustomed to being treated inferior to men even, Legislators, NGO's etc, are aware of the benefits women's empowerment and participation, but men many are scared of disrupting their status and continue to let societal norms get in the way of development.
- Measuring women empowerment:
Women empowerment can be measured through the gender empowerment measure, which shows women's participation in a given nation, both politically and economically.
GEM is calculated by tracking " the share of seats in parliament held by women of female legislators, senior officials and managers and of female profession and technical workers and the gender disparity in earned income, reflecting eco- nomic independence".
- Role of women empowerment for societies:
Entire nation, business, communities and groups can benefit from the implementation of programmes and policies that adopt the nation of women empowerment.
Empowerment is one of the main procedural concerns when addressing human rights and development, the human development and capabilities approach.
The millennium development goals and other credible approaches/goals point to empowerment and participation as a necessary step if a country is to overcome the obstacles associated with poverty and development.
- Economic benefits of women empowerment: Most women across the globe rely on the informal work sector for an income. If women were empowered to do more, the possibility for economic growth becomes apparent.
Empowering women in developing countries is essential to reduce global poverty since women represent most of the world's poor population.
- Empowerment in International development: The Uk's department for International development is working to address constraints to the empowerment of adolescent girls in development countries.
Researchers mapped organizations that competitively seek innovative ideas from both the private and non- profit sectors potentially to reach girls, youth and/or women in developing Country context and provides support in the forms of finance and technical assistance to bring their ideas to market.
(B) Urbanization.
It is a process which population of cities increase gradually and inturns results changes in the rural areas.
In other words, urbanization is a process of development of urban areas or cities.
Population of urban area is more than that of rural areas.
In urban areas, there is no importance of family, relatives or neighbours. 'City' word is constituted from the latin word 'civites' which means urbanise.
According to David, "Urbanisation is an process, cycle of changes in which agricultural society is transforming into industrial society."
According to Fairchild, "Urbanisation is the process of formation of urban area and movement of rural people towards cities and increase in urban process, population and area."
Characteristics of Urbanization:-
(1.) It is process of changing rural area (villages) to urban areas (cities).
(2.) In urbanization, people adopt non agricultural occupation after leaving agriculture occupation.
(3.) It is a process of development, progress and growth of any area in which people come from the different areas of village.
(4.) It is an art of living in which people maintain their personality and standard of living, but it can be adopted in rural area.
(5.) It is a reciprocal/mutual effect of urban and rural area.
(6.) Urbanisation can also occur as, when,
(a) Rural people more toward cities for visulization and stay for some time period.
(b) Urban people move towards village for sometime and leave their effect over there.
(c) Material produced in urban area is delivered through villages.
(d) Villages people are affected by cities and also affect them.
Impact of urbanization on health and health practices:
Increasing urbanization in India has created various changes. These changes has result into various impacts on health and health practices.
These are as follows:
(1.) Health problems:
Village people are considered healthy as comparison to cities who are thin and have low immunity.
Over crowdedness, air pollution, industrial pollution, sound pollution, non-ventillation and other communicable diseases etc has increased death ratio in urban areas as comparison to rural areas.
(2.) Crime:
As compare to rural areas crime is more in urban area, In urban areas crime related to family, religion, neighbour blood relation, caste can increased crime very easily.
In urban area, stealing, roberring, suicide murders, accidents , rapes etc are more in urban areas as in rural areas.
(3.) Entertainment:
In urban areas, all are having very busy schedule, Now a days in urban areas entertainment is also considered as a part of entertainment so people have to spend a lot of money on their entertain- ment like in cinemas, televisions, play grounds, parks and garden.
Where as in rural areas play, dance, songs etc are free of cost.
(4.) Shelter:
There is a big problem of shelter in urban areas. No rentillation and various people are living on the roadside as in slums rent of the house is more so that people cannot afford even the rent of house, various houses are in urban area are disease causing that effect the health of people.
(5.) Begging:
It is more in urban area. On road side, temple, religious places railway station, bus stands are full of beggars.
It signifies the poverty in urban areas.
(6.) Mental stress:
It is more in the urban areas. To relief mental stress people are taking sedatives and happy pills are ingested by people. Gradually this condition may move people to death.
(7.) Prostitution:
It is very common in urban areas. It may result due to illiteracy and unemployment as well as poverty.
(8.) Population:
Increasing population in urban areas has created vehicle Gradually this condition may move the individuals to death. facilities, education, rules and regulations and safety problems.
ANSWER - 5 (c)
Contraceptive Methods:
(1.) Barrier methods:
The aim of these methods is to prevent the live sperm from meeting the ovum.
(a) Physical methods:
(I) Condom:
It is the most widely known and used barrier device by the males around the world.
It is fitted on the erect penis before intercourse, the air must be expelled from the teat end to make room for the ejaculation It prevent the semen from being deposited in vagina.
It can be a highly effective method of contraception, if this is used correctly before every coitus.
Advantages of using condom:-
It is easily available, safe and inexpensive, easy to use, no side-effects, light, compact and disposable.
Disadvantages of using condom:-
It may slip off or tear during coitus due to incorrect use, interferes with sex sensation.
(ii.) Diaphragm:
It is a vaginal barrier. It was invented by a German physician in 1882. It is also known as 'Dutch cap'.
The diaphragm is made up rubber or plastic and ranges in diameter from 5-10 cm. It is inserted before sexual intercourse and must remain in place for not less than 6 hours after sexual inter- course.
Advantages of using diaphragm:-
Almost total absence of risks and medical contra- indications.
Disadvantages of using diaphragm:-
Needs training to use.
(iii.) Vaginal sponge:
It is a small polyurethane from sponge measuring 5 cm x 2.5 cm, saturated with spermicide, non-oxynol-9.
(B) Chemical methods:
There are of four categories:
(i) Foams : Foam tablets and foam aerosols.
(ii) Creams, jellies and pastes.
(iii.) Supportive: inserted manually.
(iv.) Soluble films.
It contains or base into which a spermicide is incorporate to kill sperms.
(2.) Intrauterine devices:
These are devices which are inserted and placed inside the uterine to prevent pregnancy.
It is of two-types non-medicated and medicated. These are 3 generation IUD's which are common 1st, 2nd,3rd
e.g.
(a.) Earlier devices:
(i) Copper-7.
(ii.) Copper T-200.
(b) Never devices:
(I.) T Cu-220 C.
(ii.) T Cu-380 A or AAg
(iii.) Nova T.
(C) Multiload devices:
(i) ML-Cu-250.
(ii) ML-Cu-375.
It is one of the most effective and reversible contraceptive method.
It causes a foreign-body reaction in the uterus causing cellular and bio- chemical changes in the endometrium and uterine fluids and it is believed that these changes impair the viability of the gamete and thus reduce its chances of fertilization rather than its implantation.
(3.) Hormonal contraceptives:
These are also the most effective spacing methods of contraception. These are synthetic estrogen and synthetic progesterone.
Classification:
(a.) Oral pills:
(i) Combined pill
(ii.) Progesterone only pill .
(iii.) Post coital pill.
(iv.) Once a month pill.
(v.) Male pill.
(b.) Depot formulations:
(i) Injectables.
(ii) Subcutaneous implants.
(iii.) Vaginal rings.
(4.) Post-conceptional methods (termination of pregnancy):
(a.) Menstrual regulation:
it is a relatively simple method of birth control. It consists of aspiration of the uterine contents 6 to 14 days of a missed period, but before most pregnancy tests can accurately determine whether or not a woman is pregnant.
(b) Menstrual induction: It is based on disturbing the normal progesterone-prostaglandin balance by intra-uterine application of 1.5 mg solution of prostaglandin f2.
(c) Abortion: It is defined as the termination of pregnancy before the fetus becomes viable. This has been fixed administratively at 28. weeks, when the fetus weighs approximately 1000 g.
It is sought by women for a variety of reasons including birth control.
ANSWER - 5 (d)
Norms and Values:
The term 'Social norms' is relatively a new corner to the dictionary of sociology.
M. Sherif in 'The Psychology of social norms-1936 used the term for the first time to describe the common standards or ideas which guide members, responses in all established groups.
Norms represent - "Standardized generalization" concerning expected modes of behavior. They are based on social values.
A norm is a pattern setting limits on individual behavior. Norms are the 'blueprints' for behavior. They determine, guide, control and predict hunan behavior.
Types of Social Norms:
It is difficult to discuss norms without making some distinctions between them.
Some of the types of norms are as follows:
(1.) Technical norms:
Technical norms have to do with effective means for the attainment of specific goals.
They define effective action in dealing with physical and biological as well as social elements in immediate situations.
(2.) Hedonic norms:
When the satisfaction of individual desires for pleasure and affection is the goal we may call such norms as hedonic.
(3.) Personality-integrative norms:
When the individual must choose between different personal purposes and satisfactions, his choice may be guided by personality integrative norms.
(4.) Institutional norms:
The most definite, strongly held and socially obligatory norms regulating conduct may be called institutional norms.
Importance of Social Norms:
(i.) Norms assist survival.
(ii.) A normless society is impossible.
(iii.) Norms guide human behaviour in group.
(iv.) Norms provide practical solutions to everyday problems.
(v.) Social norms provide the primary mechanism.
(vi.) Social norms help to maintain social order.
(vii.) Social norms give cohesion to society.
(viii.) Social norms are helpful to keep self-control.
Social Value:
"Social values' form an important part of the culture of society. Social values, norms and institutions explain the way in which social processes operate in a given society.
They are the social sources of patterned interaction. They provide the general guidelines for conduct. In doing so, they facilitate social control.
Values are the criteria people use in assessing their daily lives, arranging their priorities, measuring their pleasures and pains, choosing between alternative courses of action.
Nature or Characteristics of Social Values:
(1.) Values represents wide range of ideas about the ends that men should pursue in their life.
(2.) The values of society provide goals or ends for its members to aim.
(3.) These goals or ends are to be pursued in different contexts and situations.
(4.) Values provide the general guidelines for the behaviour of the people.
(5.) Values such as respect for human dignity, fundamental rights, private property, patriotism, fidelity to wife or to the husband, etc. guide our behaviour in various ways.
Importance of Social Values:
(1.) Values provide goals or ends for the members to aim.
(2.) Values hold the society together because they are shared in common. They will feel a part of wider society.
(3.) Values bring legitimacy to the rules that govern specific activities.
(4.) Values help to bring about some kind of adjustment between different sets of rules. The people seek the same kind of ends or goals in different fields of their life.
Answer no- 5 (e)
The Indian Caste System:
Three basic pillars of Indian social system are: joint family, caste and village system.
As a form of social stratification and inseparable respect is peculiar to Indian society where unity among diversity is found.
The factors influencing caste system in india are:
The geographic isolation of Indian peninsula for a long time, influence of Hindu religion, they believe caste system is looked upon as a divinely ordained institution, Karma Siddhartha, Fatalism beliefs in reincarnation, existence of many races in the country, rural social structure, no uniform laws and standards existing in the system, illiteracy or lack of education, heredity, occupations, ideas of exclusive family, ancestor worship, beliefs related to sacrament, clash of races, prejudice, conquest etc. contributed to the growth of caste system in India.
Indian society has castes such as for- ward caste e.g, Brahmin Kshatriyas, Vaishyas and Sudras.
There are different theories about establishment of caste system such as:
(1.) Religious Theory: This theory explain how four varnas were founded. The different varnas were created from different parts of his body.
(a.) Brahamans: Created from his head.
(b.) Kshatrias: Created from his hand.
(c.) Vaishyas: Created from his thighs
(d.) Sudras: From his feet.
The verna hierarchy is determined by the descending order of different organs from which the varnas were created from body organ of Brahma, who is the creator of the world.from which the varnas were created.
(2.) Biological Theory: This theory explains that all existing things animated and in animated inherent 3 qualities in different proportions.
There three qualities are:
(a.) Satva: it includes wisdom, intelligence, honesty, goodness and other positive qualities.
(b.) Rajas: It include qualities like passion, valour and other passionate qualities.
(c.) Tomas: it include the qualities such as dullness, stupidity, lack of creativity and other negative qualities.
The people with different types of occupation. According to this theory:
(i.) Brahamins inherent sattva qualities.
(ii.) Kshatrias and Vaishyas inherent Rajas qualities.
(iii.) Sudras inherent tamas qualities.
The food like human being also inherent different dosages these qualities and it affects eater's intelligence.
• Brahamins and Vaishyas:
Have sattvic diet. It include: Milk, Fruits, Honey, Roots, Vegetables.
• Kshatrias: Have different types of Rajasic diet include: Mutton, Deer Meat.
• Sudras: Have different types of meat except beef and eat Tamasic diet.
(3.) Socio-historical Theory: This theory explains the creation of: Varnas, Jats and Untouchability.
Answer - 5 (f)
Inter relationship of Institutions :-
The notion of social system or structure is a relationship between different entities or groups or as enduring and relatively stable pattern of relationships of different institutions, ie social, economic, religious, political, etc .
This relationship emphasizes the idea that society is grouped into structurally related institutions and their roles to the social system.
Social structure may be seen to influence important social systems including the economic system, legal system, political system, cultural system and others family, religion, law, economy and class all are social structures.
The 'Social system' is the parent system of those various systems that are embedded in it.
The early study of social structure has informed the study of institutions, culture and agency, social interaction and history.
Alexis de Tocqueville was the first, who used the term social structure, later Karl Marx, Herbert Spencer, Max Webber and Emile Durkheim contributed in social structure.
Karl Marx related political, cultural and religious life to the 'mode of production'.
Marx argued that the economic base substantially determined the cultural and political superstructure of a society.
Emile Durkheim (drawing on the analogies between biology and social system popularized by Herbert Spencer) introduced the idea that diverse social institutions and practices played a role in assuring the functional integration of society, the assimilation of diverse parts into a unified and self-reproducing whole.
In this context, Durkhiem distinguished two forms of structural relationships.
(1.) Mechanical solidarity
(2.) Organic solidarity.
Thus, the inter-relationship of institutions
is accepted by the thinkers. AS we know, the members of society, live in society and it is formed by all institutions and the members are affected by all political, religious, social, economical aspects, we cannot ignore a single aspect of our life during our stay in society.
All the institutions have diverse forms and purposes, but they all work for the whole organization of society or a social system. So, all the institutions are inter-related and interdependent in society.
ANSWER - 5 (g)
Conflict :-
It is a form of rivalry or struggle which is commonly existing within society in varying degrees, i.e. organized/unorganized, transitory or enduring, physical, intellectual, partial or total.
It is essential part of human growth and development if certain extent. It takes place whenever the person or group tries to obtain a reward by preventing others.
It is basically an individual's process. Its aim is not directly connected with the achievements of the goal or an objective, but is rather directed to dominate others or eliminate the opponents.
During conflict indivdual focus is on competitor or opponents, not on the goal.
Definition:
Conflict is an ever-present process in human relations. It is one of the forms of struggle between individuals or groups. Conflict takes place whenever a person or group seeks to gain a reward not by surpassing other competitors but by preventing them from effectively competing.
-ACcording to Horton and Hunt, "Conflict may be defined as a process of seeking to monopolise rewards by eliminating or weakening the competitors".
- According to A.W. Green, "Conflict is the deliberate attempt to oppose, resist or coerce the will of another or others".
-According to Young and Mack, "Conflict takes the form of emotionalized and violent opposition, in which the major concern is to overcome the opponent as means of securing a given goal or reward".
- According to Gillin and Gillin, "Conflict is the social process in which individuals or groups seek their nature and characteristics of conflict".
Characteristics or Nature of Conflict:
On the basis of foregoing discussion, the following characteristics (nature) of conflict, in brief may be cited:
(1.) Conflict is a universal process found in every society and period of time. It is an important part of human life and found in every social world.
(2.) Conflict is a deliberate and conscious action or effort of individual or effort of individual or group.
(3.) The nature of conflict is personal and direct. In conflict the incumbents or participants know each other personally.
(4.) Conflict is an individual process basically. Its aim is not directly connected with the achievement of the goal or an objective, but is rather directed to dominate others or to eliminate the opponent.
(5.) Conflict is temporary and intermittent in nature. It tends to grow more and more bitter as it proceeds. Being temporary, it gives way to some form of accommodation.
(6.) Conflict is a process loaded with impulsiveness of human emotions and violent passions. It gains force and then bursts open.
Unlike fighting of animals, generally in human groups, the spontaneous fighting is inhibited. It is often avoided through the process of accommodation and assimilation.
(7.) Conflict may be latent or overt. In the latent form, it may exist in the form of tension, dissatisfaction, contravention and rivalry. It becomes overt when an issue is declared and a hostile action is taken.
(8.) Conflict is mostly violent but it may take the form of negotiations, party politics, disputes or rivalry.
(9.) Conflict is cumulative; each act of aggression usually promotes a more aggressive rebuttal. Thus termination of conflict is not easy.
(10.) Conflict tends to be more intense when individuals and groups who have close relationship with one another are involved.
(11.) Conflict may emerge as a result of opposing interests.
(12.) Conflict has both disintegrative and integrative effects. It disrupts unity in a society and is disturbing way of settling issues. A certain account of internal conflict, however, may serve indirectly to stimulate group intel action. External conflict can have positive effects by unifying the group.
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